Essay on Abelard and Heloise - 836 Words

Jeff HIST 101 11/11/13 Gender As Seen in Abelard and Heloise The gender views of European medieval society were largely built upon the views of Aristotle and others alike that degraded the status of women into a lower form of life, characterizing them as secondary to men. Many successive Christian intellects such as St. Augustine also contributed to establishing the idea of misogyny in the medieval views toward the female sexuality, which helped to create the gender stereotype that severely separated the role of men and women. One possible explanation for which created gender inequality in the society may be attributed to medieval education that regarded the Bible and Aristotle as unquestionable authority, as well as the limited†¦show more content†¦Therefore, they were not so much different from conventional medieval men and women. Throughout the letters, Abelard and Heloise’s perspectives on gender roles were strictly based upon the traditional views on sexuality. For instance, in the egotistical mind of Abelard, women in the medieval society were viewed as a weaker sex who need help of the a stronger male since there were certainly things that â€Å"cannot be carried out by women†5. Moreover, Heloise, despite her being a woman, did not seem to be shocked at the idea that men are superior to women. Instead, she instinctively acknowledged the weaker nature of women indicated by her discussion of her abbey which she called â€Å"feminine†; she also described it as weak, frail, and needing a more careful attention6. Throughout the first four letters from Abelard and Heloise, they both held congruent views regarding masculinity and femininity, and this dichotomous way of looking at gender indeed did not deviate much from the conventional thinking of the medieval society. Abelard and Heloise’s perspectives over the gender role in the society were also found in their discussions on the men-women relationship. As suggested by their agreement on the gender views, their reasoning over the relationship of lovers seemed to go no further from the notion that women are predestined to be an obstacleShow MoreRelatedThe Letters Of Abelard And Heloise1047 Words   |  5 PagesIn the book The Letters of Abelard and Heloise, Abelard and Heloise’s relationship changes dramatically as seen in their love letters. At first, their relationship was very sexual based while they were together. I feel that the shift in their relationship happened when they became physically separated. As soon as the separation occurred, their relationship became a primarily chaste relationship. My goal in this paper is to demonstrate why I feel that Abelard and Heloise’s relationship changed fromRead MoreThe Letters of Abelard and Heloise1200 Words   |  5 PagesIn T he Letters of Abelard and Heloise, Abelard and Heloise’s faith and morals are justified solely by the Church and society. This discussion of virginity, sex, punishment, society, religion and ethnical views are all tied together into one autobiography written by Pierre Abelard himself. Pierre Abelard was born in 1079 B.C in France. Abelard was born into a minor noble family where he learned quickly and excelled in the art of dialect, a branch of physiology, which at the time consisted solelyRead MoreThe Story Of Heloise And Abelard1990 Words   |  8 PagesThe story of Heloise and Abelard is not unlike that of William Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet in the sense that there was drama, family trials, and immeasurable passion. Known for her intelligence and sexual relationship with Abelard, Heloise was not the typical medieval woman. The life of Heloise was not conventional in the sense that she gave birth to a child out of wedlock and was reluctant to marry Abelard even though her reputation as a woman was tarnished due to their relationship. The sourcesRead MoreAbelard and Heloise Essay examples1242 Words   |  5 Pagesreal case of star-crossed â€Å"lovers†, Peter Abelard and Heloise. This couple went to little length to fight society in trying t o establish a relationship with one another. Although considered a love story to some, a relationship founded on lust, inability to fight for marriage, and union to the church, shatters the illusion of romance and shows the relationship for what it truly is, a lackluster liaison. The relationship between Peter Abelard and Heloise failed to be established with strong bondsRead MoreThe Love Letters Of Heloise And Abelard Analysis886 Words   |  4 PagesCity of Ladies by Christine de Pisan† and â€Å"The Love Letters of Heloise and Abelard† that are different and similar. â€Å"The Book of the City of Ladies by Christine de Pisan† was a book that was written by Christine Pisan and what inspired her to write this story was all of the slander woman were getting as far as being blamed for every negative thing in the world. â€Å"The Love Letters of Heloise and Abelard† was written by Heloise and Abelard and they are different types of letters. 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He holds these separate for â€Å"to will and to fulfill the will are not the same, so to sin and to perform the sin are not the same†(2-511-L). Just as there is a difference between someone who intended to push someoneRead MoreThe Influence Of Abelard s And Heloise s Views On Marriage, Religion, And Sexuality944 Words   |  4 Pagestwelfth century Europe had a considerable impact on marriage, religion, and sexuality. The first two figures were classic romantics who wrote love letters to each other and made love in the kitchens of convents. These two influential figures are Heloise and Abelard. This teacher and student love affair knew no bounds and it eventually led to a dismal chain of events, but led to various revelations. The third figure is a religious visionary who took a secret vow of chastity in her young age. This prominentRead MoreEssay about A Comparison of Cleopatra and Heloise994 Words   |  4 PagesSex, manipulation, selfishness, obsession, and dramatic interactions are all present in Antony and Cleopatra and The Letters of Abelard and Heloise. The roles of women in society and conceptions of femininit y in the eras of Cleopatra and Heloise were limited compared to todays standards. In Shakespeares Antony and Cleopatra and The Letters of Abelard and Heloise, there are recurring images of women as well as conceptions that are unique to each text. In comparing and contrasting the parallelRead More Heloise Essay example659 Words   |  3 PagesHeloise Early in the 12th century, two people were developing a relationship that not only showed them the true meaning of having to suffer the difficulties of a relationship that got off on the wrong foot, but they also documented it for the rest of the world to follow.These two people were none other than the French philosopher and theologian Peter Abelard (1079-1142?), and his wife, Heloise. To understand Heloise, first we must learn about her husband.Peter Abelard was born in Le Pallet

The Stein Founding Brothers Notes Ap Us History

Carly Stein Founding Brothers Notes AP US History Chapter 1: The Duel †¢ Aaron Burr and Alexander Hamilton had a fight on July 11, 1804 in Weehawken NJ. It was a fair duel, but unfortunately Hamilton died. Burr killed Hamilton in their duel †¢ People thought of Burr as a cold blooded murderer, so in a way Burr died too from a bad reputation †¢ Hamilton didn’t want to fight Burr, but he couldn’t turn down a duel †¢ Hamilton thought there was a possibility that he would die, so before the duel he had his will out and ready and he drafted his final thoughts, ideas, and opinions †¢ Dueling was illegal, so when Burr and Hamilton met they called it an â€Å"interview† †¢ Hamilton’s son died trying to defend his father’s bad reputation †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦show more content†¦It’s still up for debate who shot their gun first †¢ If Hamilton had the intention of never shooting his gun, then Burr must’ve fired first †¢ It is believed that Hamilton did shoot at Burr by accident, but missed and hit a tree. Burr was then justified to shoot back at Hamilton by code duello †¢ By killing Hamilton, Burr had nothing to gain and everything to lose †¢ Burr might’ve shot Hamilton on accident too. He was so shocked when Hamilton collapsed, so it’s possible he was miss-aiming on purpose but shot accidentally †¢ Hamilton insulted Burr but asking him what the word â€Å"despicable† meant which not only insulted Burr’s character, but his intelligence. Hamilton and Burr were constantly bickering in letters so Burr asked for a public apology, later leading to a duel †¢ Washington was the most powerful political-general and Hamilton was the second. Burr was just under Hamilton’s rank †¢ Burr was attorney general for New York in 1789 †¢ In the election of 1804 Burr and Jefferson had equal votes so it was up to the House of Representatives to decide who the president would be †¢ Hamilton hated Jefferson, and because Jefferson and Burr ran for president together so Hamilton had more reason to hate them both †¢ Hamilton wrote that Burr was bankrupt and accused him of having a bad character †¢ The House of Representatives later convinced Jefferson not to trust Burr †¢ Burr realized that Republicans wanted to impeach him as vice

Purchase Decision of a Consumer-.com

Question: Discuss about Consumer Behavior Purchase of an IPhone 5s in India. Answer: Introduction The purchase decision of a consumer is significantly influenced by a series of choices that a consumer makes which are related to the values, attitudes and their opinion regarding purchase before establishing a willingness to purchase (Rao, 2004). India is one of the countries where the manufacturers of various products find ample of opportunities. As it is one of the fastest growing economies, the importance of smartphones has increased in the personal life of every individual thereby causing the smartphone industry to grow at a fast pace. Similar is the case with Apples iPhone. Though it is expensive than other smartphones, still its quality and reputation provides a reason to the customers to purchase it. Following points have been highlighted as the factors which influence the purchase decision of a consumer while buying Apples iPhone 5s in India. Influence of Demographics on the purchase decision Demographics can be defined as the quantifiable features of particular inhabitants (Murdock, et. al., 2015). It includes the study of size, structure and spreading of such population and deviations that arise among them due to aging, birth, migration and death (Kumar, 2009). As far as age is concerned, Apple has targeted the market successfully for every age group. iPhone 5s provides personalized apps in order to suit the needs and wants of every individual and has become the desire of every individual. Among them, it is most popular between the young generation of 20- 35 years as this age group possess high disposable income with absolutely none or less responsibilities. Moreover, the buyer decides to purchase an iPhone 5s as it will serve the dual purpose of smartphone and mobile PC. As young people are considered to be goal oriented, they want each and every latest news on the go (Murdock, Kelley, Jordan, Pecotte Luedke, 2015). The data even shows that the majority of the iPhone users are males and females still stand at a minority. This data is the result of two factors preference and budget. Apple can adopt a marketing campaign targeting the age groups beyond 35 years and must provide some new features and options in camera, some educational apps for both younger and older age groups such that it become the desire of every age group. Apple must also adopt a strategy in India which focuses only on selling more phones. This does not mean that it emphasizes on selling new phones (Aulakh, 2016). India is a continuously growing economy and a producer of ample of opportunities for various companies (The Hindu Business Line, 2017). Nowadays young people are becoming more brand conscious and iPhone is undoubtedly one of the things that symbolize the status of a person (Salvendy, 2012). Therefore, it will enable them to increase its sale in India. Influence of household structure on the purchase decision The members of the family powerfully influence the purchase decision of a buyer (Kumar, 2017). Every individual in a family including husband, wife and children have their own impact over others and play an important role in determining and influencing the choice of one another. A buyers life is significantly affected by two families namely family of orientation and family of procreation. Family of orientation involves parents and their children and the influence of parents on their children with regard to various aspects like religion, personal ambition and self- worth. Similarly, family of procreation involves the spouse and children of an individual. Nowadays, every member of a family has a mobile. Due to increased access to internet, children are becoming more brand conscious day by day thereby pushing their parents towards the purchase of the most expensive phone i.e. iPhone. Young generation purchase an iPhone for the purpose of fulfilling their self- actualization needs such as achieving personal growth and potential (Elgan, 2014). Apple can also consider a marketing strategy which is formulated after deeper analysis of Indian household structure that focuses on attracting children through advertisements on television and internet picturizing artists of their age. This will because children influence their parents and elder siblings to purchase an iPhone. Another strategy which can be taken into consideration by Apple is the introduction of household budget and expenditure calculator app in iPhone which will help people in allocating and managing budgets for the entire month. The advertisements of such strategy will work from the household perspective. Influence of Social Classes on the purchase of iPhone in India Social Classes is a part of cultural influences and can be defined as the group of individuals divided on the basis of similarities in income, education and occupation (Sarangapani, 2009). It has been identified that people who favor iPhone slightly differ in characteristics in terms of education, household income, occupation, etc. (Hixon, 2014). As far as income is concerned, iPhone is favored in majority by the high income groups and then by the upper medium income groups (Jain Sharma, 2013). Very few percentage of medium and lower medium income groups think of purchasing an iPhone 5s as it is much beyond their budget even after the decrease in prices after the launch of iPhones upgraded versions (Patel, 2014). Furthermore, iPhone 5s is easy to use and understandable by non- graduates, graduates and post graduates of both categories either general or professionals as they are capable of understanding an iPhones setup (Mohd Suki, 2013). Occupation plays an important role in deciding the budget for a smartphone for an individual. In India, self-employed people (superior level people) who are also known as business persons are on top of the list of people capable of affording an iPhone (Chakravorti, 2016). Moreover, iPhone 5s is also affordable for supervisory levels, middle and senior executives and junior executives. Apple must launch marketing campaigns for the older versions like iPhone 5s, iPhone 5c, etc. as budget phones which are under reach for lower income groups also. Apple must also launch marketing campaigns regarding its features like the voice of SIRI which seems to be difficult but actually makes the phone much easy to use even for less educated people who are not so familiar with technology as it enables the phone to function automatically. Influence of Culture on the purchase of iPhone in India Consumer behavior is affected to a great extent due to the cultural influences (Rao, 2004). Culture can be simply defined as the behavior, wants, society and personal values, opinions which are derived from the family and other important establishments (Bhasin, 2016). It can also be regarded as lifestyle which is further passed on from one generation to another (Sarma Sarmistha, 2017). A person buys an iPhone as it accomplishes the desire to be accredited for it by family, peers and other people associated with that person. It is often purchased as a result of peer pressure as everyone else in the group are purchasing it and talking about it. Apple can launch a marketing campaign featuring iPhone as a status symbol in India showing how other brands are not capable of standing in the race. This will motivate all the brand conscious people to immediate purchase an iPhone. iPhone is considered as a business-class phone. Therefore, strategies can be formulated to target the business class and their lifestyle. It must show that how the life of business persons is eased to a great extend with the use of an iPhone. Buyer Decision-Making Process: Organizational Markets As the head of the procurement department of Intuit Inc., the decision making process will be directed in the following ways- Problem Recognition- For an organization, the employees are always the priority and for them it needs a phone which can act as a safe medium of communication where security is not compromised and small tasks can be easily performed without computers. With the help of suitable phone, the said purpose is served to a great extent as it reminds the employees regarding their schedules, meetings, important mails. All these features will be available with the benefit of transportability. Information search- After recognizing the problem, the next step is to search the available products in the market that serve the requirement of the organization. For this purpose, various sources would be referred such as the reviews and ratings of the best available smartphones in the market (Pettigrew, 2014). Evaluation of alternatives- After the detailed analysis of the information derived, two major players in the smartphone market were recognized and they are Apple and Samsung on the basis of their compatibility to meet the requirements. On detailed evaluation of the products of these two companies, it was discovered that Samsung was a less expensive brand in comparison with Apple but Apple takes the lead in terms of technology and features and provides more security to its users. It provides free video calling and messaging facility among all Apple users. Supplier choice and Purchase- The next step aims to receive quotations from different Apple outlets. Then the quotations will be screened and the qualified Apple store will be selected for purchase as per the specifications provided in the quotation. Then the order will be placed. Post Purchase Processes- After getting the delivery from the store, the payment will be made to the supplier as per the terms mentioned in the quotation (Wind, Thomas Sheth, 2014). Proper bills and warranty slips will be acquired for obtaining the after sales services. Employees will be asked to provide feedback for the phone from time to time and will be provided the documents so that they can get the phones repaired in case of any damage. Societal issues A problem which has the capability of influencing a substantial amount of persons within a society is a social or societal issue. Consumer protection is taken into consideration with the help of a social movement which is headed by consumer organizations and is also known as consumerism. There are various societal issues which must be addressed on an immediate basis like degradation of environment and lack of technology and use of internet in rural India. Poor farmers in India suffer from lack of awareness regarding the prevailing prices for their produce and therefore suffer from huge losses which lead them to live a miserable life. Apple can initiate a local consumerist movement which will benefit the company as well as the society they operate in. The name of such movement would be Kisan ki Bachat (Savings of a farmer). Apple would sponsor this movement in collaboration with the leading telecom networks in India and start a SMS service for continuous update on the prices of the produce on the registered numbers. It must also introduce campaigns in the rural India for creating awareness regarding the use of internet and technology in order to make the day to day life much easier. This will enable the farmers to search for places on the internet where they will get the maximum price for their produce. On the other hand, Apple can also address the major issues related to the environment and its degradation. It can provide proper education relating to creation of eco-friendly environment. In order to become environmentally suitable Apple must aim at keeping the planet safe from all the harm caused from the stage of manufacturing till the point of disposal of the product. Apple must take proper steps for reducing the green house gases emission at the phase of product use. For this purpose, it must make effort in the field of improving the energy efficiency of products. These green house gases (GHG) must also be controlled at the manufacturing sites of Apples products. Apple must also conduct a life cycle assessment (LCA) of all of its products with a view to analyze and measure the environmental impact of such products in ozone layer depletion, water use, global warming, acidification, etc. (Murphy King, 2016) The results of such assessment must be used to take further steps to reduce such deathly impact. Moreover, Apple must develop energy reduction technologies for its products since its products require more power consumption. Also, they can utilize the recycled plastic which is collected from the waste products in its earphone cases, charging adapter and inner packaging tray. It may also conduct environmental activities in the world supporting the conservation of biodiversity, save trees and resources with the message of achieving zero environmental impact (Suckling Lee, 2015). Furthermore, it must focus on producing energy efficient products ensuring that the raw materials utilized in its products are absolutely safe for the consumers. They must also undertake responsible recycling of its products and at the end provide all the related environmental planning and data to its customers for their knowledge. References Aulakh, G. (2016). How Apple iPhone sales in India defy an old stereotype. Retrieved October 31, 2017 from https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/hardware/how-apple-iphone-sales-in-india-defy-an-old-stereotype/articleshow/52115409.cms Bhasin, H. (2016). Factors Affecting Consumer Buying Behavior. Retrieved November 2, 2017 from https://www.marketing91.com/factors-affecting-consumer-buying-behavior/. Chakravorti, B. (2016). The Battle Over iPhones in India. Retrieved November 2, 2017 from https://hbr.org/2016/04/the-battle-over-iphones-in-india. Elgan, M. (2014). Why Apples India Strategy is A Winner. Retrieved November 2, 2017 from https://www.cultofmac.com/262972/dont-look-now-comes-india/. Sarma Sarmistha. (2017). Global Observations of the Influence of Culture on Consumer Buying Behavior. IGI Global. Suckling, J., Lee, J. (2015). Redefining scope: the true environmental impact of smartphones?.The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment,20(8), 1181-1196. The Hindu Business Line. (2017). Im very bullish on India because of its people, culture and the leadership: Apples Tim Cook. Retrieved November 2, 2017 from https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/im-very-bullish-on-india-because-of-its-people-culture-and-the-leadership-apple-tim-cook/article9807665.ece. Wind, Y., Thomas, R. J., Sheth, J. N. (2014).Organizational buying behavior. SAGE Publications.

Literary Merit free essay sample

The Scarlet LetterGenre: Romance Author: Nathaniel HawthornePeriod/School: Romanticism Nathaniel Hawthorne was born on July 4, 1804 in Salem Massachusetts. In 1808, Hawthorne’s father dies of yellow fever and his mother withdraws and leaves him to be educated by his uncle, Robert Manning. In July 1820, Hawthorne write’s The Spectator, which was a newsmagazine that ran for a month. Nathaniel Hawthorne graduated from college in 1825 then isolated himself from society.During this period of isolation, Hawthorne wrote and anonymously published his first novel, Fanshawe, but the public ignored the novel. On July 31, 1849, Hawthorne’s mother, Elizabeth Hathorne, dies. Hawthorne falls into a deep depression but continues to write The Scarlet Letter and publishes it in February 1850. On May 19, 1864 Nathaniel Hawthorne dies in Plymouth, New Hampshire. Novels of Literary Merit often teach a life lesson. The Scarlet Letter reveals that revenge is a sin that can transform a human into an evil being.Hawthorne writes, â€Å"With the common ministers, he imagined himself†¦ by the poisonous drug of revenge† (169). We will write a custom essay sample on Literary Merit or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Roger Chillingworth was a good person until he began to seek revenge on Reverend Dimmesdale. Revenge is a sin that humans can and should avoid because God punishes all sins. When humans seek revenge, their mind, body, and spirit can change for the bad. Another theme in The Scarlet Letter is guilt. Reverend Dimmesdale feels guilty for not confessing his sin to the Puritan Community.He eventually transforms physically and mentally, which makes him become sick and weak. Hawthorne reveals that guilt can cause humans to transform themselves into different people. This is significant because he teaches a lesson that one shouldn’t keep their sins a secret because it can cause damage to one’s soul.

Comparing the Mauryn and Han Dynasties essays

Comparing the Mauryn and Han Dynasties essays When comparing The Han Dynasty(China) with The Mauryan Empire(India), you can see similarities very clearly, but under those, distinct differences can be found. Politics in each culture resemble each other in many ways. The two empires have a sort of checks and balance system. No one ruler controls solely over the empire, but the two kingdoms are divided into provinces ruled by governors. This is a very clear point in comparing the two, but in another way, it can be a point of contrast. Even though the two political systems resemble, the Hans made notable advancements with their selecting public officials on merit and not by birth. The Mauryan offices were hereditary. Even when the Hans and the Mauryans have a sign of resemblance, each culture has their spin on the subject. In both empires, there are definite classes formed in the social systems. The Mauryans had a strict social scale, in which you were born on, while the Han dynasty seemed to be a little more relaxed in their social scale. In India, the Caste System set the status of the people. This system kept people in their place, and movement up and down the scale was extremely uncommon. In China, the top of their social scale ruled the bottom, much like in India. The top bullied the bottom around, although, in India, people wanted nothing to do with the "untouchables"(bottom of the caste system). Both empires drew lines between social statuses, but they differed in how strong the lines were. Farming and taxes on land seemed to serve as the base for both the Han Dynasty's and the Mauryan Empire's economy. The peasantry who did not own land was forced to become landless farmers. They paid rent for a living, and they worked someone else's land. In the Han dynasty, powerful clans raised armies and bullied small farmers into becoming tenant farmers (landless farmers). Trade affected both empires, but the Han government moved more cautiously into the trading system, while India ...

Social Inequality in To Kill a Mockingbird Essay Example

Social Inequality in To Kill a Mockingbird Essay Example Social Inequality in To Kill a Mockingbird Paper Social Inequality in To Kill a Mockingbird Paper Essay Topic: To Kill a Mockingbird Social inequality is the existence of unequal opportunity for different social classes. Social inequality is found within every society and is based upon many different factors. Some of these factors include people’s level of education and their level of income. Harper Lee shows social inequality is largely influenced on the amount of education received in her book To Kill A Mockingbird. One of the main characters in To Kill A Mockingbird is Jem Finch. Jem Finch defines the social hierarchy of Maycomb, Alabama into four different categories. Jem puts people like his family, the Finches, at the top of the hierarchy. The Finches are a very educated, well off, white, family. Below the Finches Jem puts the Cunninghams. The Cunninghams are a poor, semi-educated, white family. Even though the Cunninghams are in some bad situations, they are still nice people. This is why they are above the next people: the Ewells. The Ewells are the second to last on Jem’s social hierarchy scale. The Ewells are what would be consider â€Å"white trash†. They are rude, filthy, poor, uneducated people. The only reason the Cunninghams and Ewells are not on the same level is because of how rude the Ewells are. The last on Jem’s scale is the blacks. The setting of To Kill A Mockingbird took place in the 1930’s, which is why the blacks are on the bottom. This also explains why the blacks were not allowed the same opportunities as everyone else was. Blacks were not given the same education opportunities as the whites. A majority of the citizens in this time period were extremely racist. As previously stated the Finches are the most financially stable and they have the most education out of everyone in the book. Their level of education is shown through the fact that Atticus, the father of Jem and Scout, is an attorney. Even in the 1930’s being an attorney was not easy to become; it required a lot of schooling. Atticus being an attorney is also why they a

PV92 practical Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

PV92 practical - Assignment Example This would, therefore, mean that the genomic DNA is not protected from degradation by the cellular enzymes released during the isolation protocol of the DNA. Response to Question 2. In order to carry out a PCR, one requires DNA. This means a cell is important since it is the source of the DNA. The cell can also serve as a source for base pairs, enzymes and primers. Response to Question 3. There are various structures that are often broken in order to release the DNA from a cell. These include the cells, the cheek tissues, the phosholids, the nucleus, and proteinase K. this is done so that proteins along with other organically-soluble compounds are removed from chromosomes and cells. PCR Amplication. Response to question 1. It is important to have a primer on either side of the segment of a DNA that is going to be amplified because these form the four basic bases. Uracil exists in RNA, despite being a special case. Primers are vital and essential components of the synthesis. They synt hesize an RNA short piece which is complementary to the strant of the template DNA forming the bonds of hydrogen with it. This provides a DNA polymer with a starting poing which that is required for the synthesis. After the completion of the DNA synthesis, the segment of RNA is removed and a DNA replaces it. Response to Question 2. Taq DNA polymerase is the thermostable DNA polymerase that derived its name from the thermophilic bacterium called Thermus aquaticus. The T.aquaticus is a specific bacterium found in hydrothermal and hot springs vents. Response to Question 3. It is because they are the only four basic bases with uracil being is present in the RNA, although it is a special case. Components of Master mix include water, oug template, the buffer, deoxynucleotides, aum primers, template DNA and ampliTaq polymerase. The buffer is used for keeping the master mix at a suitable PH in order to make sure the reaction of the PCR occurs. Deoxynu-cleotides, in this case help in providi ng the energy and the nucleosides used for synthesizing the DNA. As widely cited, it is vital adding equal amounts of each of the nucleotide (, dTTP, dCTP, dATP and dGTP) onto the master matrix for purposes of preventing the mismatch of bases. The ouM primers are short pieces of the DNA that often bind onto the DNA template to allow the Taq DNA polymerase enzyme to start the incorporation of deoxynucleotides. The AmpliTaq polymerase is used, in this case, to add the deoxynucleotides onto the DNA template. Last but not least, there is presence of oug template that is often amplified by a PCR reaction. Response to Question 4. The DNA PCR amplification takes place in repeated cycles of the three temperature-dependent steps. In the first step, a double-stranded DNA or (dsDNA) template becomes denatured. In the second stage, the oligonucleotide primers become annealed to a single-stranded DNA also called (ssDNA) template. In this case one primer become designed specifically to anneal ont o a certain specific region found on the left side of the strands of the DNA with the other primer being designed specifically to anneal onto a specific region of the complementary DNA strand right side. In the third stage, the DNA polymerase is meant to extend on each primer in 3' to 5' direction, while duplicating the fragment of the DNA between the primers. While